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61 Responses to “Perspective”

1. 
   1
   lr hlonchhing Says:
   July 26th, 2012 at 7:49 pm

   Ka post 53 na

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   2
   Phivawk Says:
   July 26th, 2012 at 7:51 pm

   Tha dap dap khawp mai

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   3
   рдпģŤіСHAЩЯ Says:
   July 26th, 2012 at 8:36 pm

   Chhiar phawt ang

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   4
   doc_lib Says:
   July 26th, 2012 at 8:44 pm

   Acid leh Base a in react apiangin, product ah Salt leh Water a chhuak ziah a. Acid (thûr) leh Base (khâ) kha, Neutral ah a chang tihna a nih chu. Chuti a nih si chuan, Party lian pahnih Congress leh MNF hi in react ta se Neutral Party awhawm tak a chhuak ang em?

   Ans : Congress leh MNF hi in react se, neutral party a chhuak lo ang. Acid leh base pawh kha a solvent a zirin acid or base ah an tang thei tlat..Tin a rawn product a pawh kha acid or base bawk ani leh thei…khai mah aw…….
   Common acid–base theories
   Arrhenius definition
   Svante Arrhenius

   The Arrhenius definition of acid–base reactions is a development of the hydrogen theory of acids, devised by Svante Arrhenius, which was used to provide a modern definition of acids and bases that followed from his work with Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald in establishing the presence of ions in aqueous solution in 1884, and led to Arrhenius receiving the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1903 for “recognition of the extraordinary services… rendered to the advancement of chemistry by his electrolytic theory of dissociation”.[6]

   As defined by Arrhenius, acid–base reactions are characterized by Arrhenius acids, which dissociate in aqueous solution to form hydrogen ions (H+),[6] and Arrhenius bases, which form hydroxide (OH−) ions. More recent IUPAC recommendations now suggest the newer term “hydronium”[7] be used in favor of the older accepted term “oxonium”[8] to illustrate reaction mechanisms such as those defined in the Brønsted–Lowry and solvent system definitions more clearly, with the Arrhenius definition serving as a simple general outline of acid–base character.[6] The Arrhenius definition can be summarised as “Arrhenius acids form hydrogen ions in aqueous solution with Arrhenius bases forming hydroxide ions.”

   The universal aqueous acid–base definition of the Arrhenius concept is described as the formation of water from a proton and hydroxide ions, or hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions from the dissociation of an acid and base in aqueous solution:

   H+ (aq) + OH− (aq) is in equilibrium with H2O

   (In modern times, the use of H+ is regarded as a shorthand for H3O+, since it is now known that the bare proton H+ does not exist as a free species in solution.)[9]

   This leads to the definition that in Arrhenius acid–base reactions, a salt and water are formed from the reaction between an acid and a base.[6] In other words, this is a neutralization reaction.

   acid + base → salt + water

   The positive ion from a base forms a salt with the negative ion from an acid. For example, two moles of sodium ion (Na+) from the base sodium hydroxide (NaOH) combine with one mole of sulfate ion (SO2−
   4) from sulfuric acid (H2SO4) to form one mole of sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) . Two moles of water are also formed.

   2 NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2 H2O

   The Arrhenius definitions of acidity and alkalinity are restricted to aqueous solutions, and refer to the concentration of the solvent ions. Under this definition, pure H2SO4 or HCl dissolved in toluene are not acidic, and molten KOH and solutions of sodium amide in liquid ammonia are not alkaline.
   Solvent system definition

   One of the limitations of Arrhenius definition was its reliance on water solutions. Edward C. Franklin studied the acid–base reactions in liquid ammonia in 1905 and pointed out the similarities to water-based Arrhenius theory, and Albert F. O. Germann, working with liquid COCl2, generalized Arrhenius definition to cover aprotic solvents and formulated the solvent system theory in 1925.[10]

   Germann pointed out that in many solvents there is a certain concentration of a positive species, solvonium (earlier lyonium) cations and negative species, solvate (earlier lyate) anions, in equilibrium with the neutral solvent molecules. For example, water and ammonia undergo such dissociation into hydronium and hydroxide, and ammonium and amide, respectively:

   2 H2O is in equilibrium with H3O+ + OH−
   2 NH3 is in equilibrium with NH+
   4 + NH−
   2

   Some aprotic systems also undergo such dissociation, such as dinitrogen tetroxide into nitrosonium and nitrate, antimony trichloride into dichloroantimonium and tetrachloroantimonate, and phosgene into chlorocarboxonium and chloride.

   N2O4 is in equilibrium with NO+ + NO−
   3
   2 SbCl3 is in equilibrium with SbCl+
   2 + SbCl−
   4
   COCl2 is in equilibrium with COCl+ + Cl−

   A solute causing an increase in the concentration of the solvonium ions and a decrease in the solvate ions is defined as an acid and one causing the reverse is defined as a base. Thus, in liquid ammonia, KNH2 (supplying NH−
   2) is a strong base, and NH4NO3 (supplying NH+
   4) is a strong acid. In liquid sulfur dioxide (SO2), thionyl compounds (supplying SO2+) behave as acids, and sulfites (supplying SO2−
   3) behave as bases.

   The non-aqueous acid–base reactions in liquid ammonia are similar to the reactions in water:

   2 NaNH2 (base) + Zn(NH2)2 (amphiphilic amide) → Na2[Zn(NH2)4]
   2 NH4I (acid) + Zn(NH2)2 (amphiphilic amide) → [Zn(NH3)4)]I2

   Nitric acid can be a base in liquid sulfuric acid:

   HNO3 (base) + 2 H2SO4 → NO+
   2 + H3O+ + 2 HSO−
   4

   The unique strength of this definition shows in describing the reactions in aprotic solvents, for example in liquid N2O4:

   AgNO3 (base) + NOCl (acid) → N2O4 (solvent) + AgCl (salt)

   Since solvent-system definition depends on the solvent as well as on the compound itself, the same compound can change its role depending on the choice of the solvent. Thus, HClO4 is a strong acid in water, a weak acid in acetic acid, and a weak base in fluorosulfonic acid. This was seen as both a strength and a weakness, since some substances, such as SO3 and NH3, were felt to be acidic or basic on their own right. On the other hand, solvent system theory was criticized as too general to be useful; it was felt that there is something intrinsically acidic about hydrogen compounds, not shared by non-hydrogenic solvonium salts.[2]
   Brønsted–Lowry definition
   Main article: Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory

   The Brønsted–Lowry definition, formulated in 1923, independently by Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted in Denmark and Martin Lowry in England, is based upon the idea of protonation of bases through the de-protonation of acids – that is, the ability of acids to “donate” hydrogen ions (H+) or protons to bases, which “accept” them.[11] Unlike the previous definitions, the Brønsted–Lowry definition does not refer to the formation of salt and solvent, but instead to the formation of conjugate acids and conjugate bases, produced by the transfer of a proton from the acid to the base.[6][11] In this approach, acids and bases are fundamentally different in behavior from salts, which are seen as electrolytes, subject to the theories of Debye, Onsager, and others. An acid and a base react not to produce a salt and a solvent, but to form a new acid and a new base. The concept of neutralization is thus absent.[2]

   According to Brønsted–Lowry definition, an acid is a compound that can donate a proton, and a base is a compound that can receive a proton. An acid–base reaction is, thus, the removal of a hydrogen ion from the acid and its addition to the base.[12] This does not refer to the removal of a proton from the nucleus of an atom, which would require levels of energy not attainable through the simple dissociation of acids, but to removal of a hydrogen ion (H+).

   The removal of a proton (hydrogen ion) from an acid produces its conjugate base, which is the acid with a hydrogen ion removed, and the reception of a proton by a base produces its conjugate acid, which is the base with a hydrogen ion added.

   For example, the removal of H+ from hydrochloric acid (HCl) produces the chloride ion (Cl−), the conjugate base of the acid:

   HCl → H+ + Cl−

   The addition of H+ to the hydroxide ion (OH−), a base, produces water (H2O), its conjugate acid:

   H+ + OH− → H2O

   Although Brønsted–Lowry acid–base behavior is formally independent of any solvent, it encompasses Arrhenius and solvent system definitions in an unenforced way. For example, protonation of ammonia, a base, gives ammonium ion, its conjugate acid:

   H+ + NH3 → NH+
   4

   The reaction of ammonia, a base, with acetic acid in absence of water can be described to give ammonium cation, an acid, and acetate anion, a base:

   CH3COOH + NH3 → NH+
   4 + CH3COO−

   This definition also explains the dissociation of water into low concentrations of hydronium and hydroxide ions:

   H2O + H2O is in equilibrium with H3O+ + OH−

   Water, being amphoteric, can act as both an acid and a base; here, one molecule of water acts as an acid, donating a H+ ion and forming the conjugate base, OH−, and a second molecule of water acts as a base, accepting the H+ ion and forming the conjugate acid, H3O+.

   Acid dissociation and acid hydrolysis are seen to be entirely similar phenomena:

   HCl (acid) + H2O (base) is in equilibrium with H3O+ (acid) + Cl− (base)
   NH+
   4 (acid) + H2O (base) is in equilibrium with H3O+ (acid) + NH3 (base)

   as are basic dissociation and basic hydrolysis:

   NH3 (base) + H2O (acid) is in equilibrium with NH+
   4 (acid) + OH− (base)
   CH3COO− (base) + H2O (acid) is in equilibrium with CH3COOH (acid) + OH− (base)

   Bronsted-lowry-3d-explanation-diagram.png

   Thus, the general formula for acid–base reactions according to the Brønsted–Lowry definition is:

   AH + B → BH+ + A−

   where AH represents the acid, B represents the base, BH+ represents the conjugate acid of B, and A− represents the conjugate base of AH.

   Although Brønsted–Lowry calls hydrogen-containing substances like HCl acids, KOH and KNH2 are not bases but salts containing the bases OH− and NH−
   2. Also, some substances, which many chemists considered to be acids, such as SO3 or BCl3, are excluded from this classification due to lack of hydrogen. Gilbert Lewis wrote in 1938, “To restrict the group of acids to those substances that contain hydrogen interferes as seriously with the systematic understanding of chemistry as would the restriction of the term oxidizing agent to substances containing oxygen.”[2]
   Lewis definition
   Further information: Lewis acids and bases

   The hydrogen requirement of Arrhenius and Brønsted–Lowry was removed by the Lewis definition of acid–base reactions, devised by Gilbert N. Lewis in 1923,[13] in the same year as Brønsted–Lowry, but it was not elaborated by him until 1938.[2] Instead of defining acid–base reactions in terms of protons or other bonded substances, the Lewis definition defines a base (referred to as a Lewis base) to be a compound that can donate an electron pair, and an acid (a Lewis acid) to be a compound that can receive this electron pair.[14]

   In this system, an acid does not exchange atoms with a base, but combines with it. For example, consider this classical aqueous acid–base reaction:

   HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) → H2O (l) + NaCl (aq)

   The Lewis definition does not regard this reaction as the formation of salt and water or the transfer of H+ from HCl to OH−. Instead, it regards the acid to be the H+ ion itself, and the base to be the OH− ion, which has an unshared electron pair. Therefore, the acid–base reaction here, according to the Lewis definition, is the donation of the electron pair from OH− to the H+ ion. This forms a covalent bond between H+ and OH−, thus producing water (H2O).

   By treating acid–base reactions in terms of electron pairs instead of specific substances, the Lewis definition can be applied to reactions that do not fall under other definitions of acid–base reactions. For example, a silver cation behaves as an acid with respect to ammonia, which behaves as a base, in the following reaction:

   Ag+ + 2 :NH3 → [H3N:Ag:NH3]+

   The result of this reaction is the formation of an ammonia–silver adduct.

   In reactions between Lewis acids and bases, there is the formation of an adduct[14] when the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of a molecule, such as NH3 with available lone electron pair(s) donates lone pairs of electrons to the electron-deficient molecule’s lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) through a co-ordinate covalent bond; in such a reaction, the HOMO-interacting molecule acts as a base, and the LUMO-interacting molecule acts as an acid.[14] In highly-polar molecules, such as boron trifluoride (BF3),[14] the most electronegative element pulls electrons towards its own orbitals, providing a more positive charge on the less-electronegative element and a difference in its electronic structure due to the axial or equatorial orbiting positions of its electrons, causing repulsive effects from lone pair – bonding pair (Lp–Bp) interactions between bonded atoms in excess of those already provided by bonding pair – bonding pair (Bp–Bp) interactions.[14] Adducts involving metal ions are referred to as co-ordination compounds.[14]
   The unique strength of this definition shows in describing the reactions in aprotic solvents, for example in liquid N2O4:

   AgNO3 (base) + NOCl (acid) → N2O4 (solvent) + AgCl (salt)
   Khawnge a full law law in zir chiang ang aw…

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   sheldon Says:
   July 26th, 2012 at 8:56 pm

   Lr, i ziak thiam hi ka ti.

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   6
   Mx Says:
   July 26th, 2012 at 9:08 pm

   (Y)

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   Charice_mizo Says:
   July 26th, 2012 at 9:17 pm

   Ngaihnawm lehpek khawp mai (Y) , thuziak changkang tak a ni e, i perspective hi ka perspective nen a inmil riau lolz..

   PS: Doc_lib comment hi layman tawngin han decipher teh u, a bei sei ropui si haha

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   8
   lhpa Says:
   July 26th, 2012 at 9:24 pm

   Vak vak a, khi engatan nge? A post tupa i thupui thlak mai rawh,.

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   9
   Lamji Says:
   July 26th, 2012 at 9:54 pm

   Chhiar a nuam reuh. (Y)

   #4,good post. :S

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    Charice_mizo Says:
    July 26th, 2012 at 10:00 pm

    kei chu #4 khi post within a post a ang ka ti..tu emaw tihdan takah AVSV mah mah 😉 NOI tlanchhe nghal

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    11
    sisen Says:
    July 26th, 2012 at 10:04 pm

    Doc khi a va sei ve…eng lampanh nge? :O

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    12
    saint sammoo Says:
    July 26th, 2012 at 10:25 pm

    ti hian a chiang deuh em..haha.. (dear admins – delete ka phal)

    The first scientific concept of acids and bases was provided by Lavoisier circa 1776. Since Lavoisier’s knowledge of strong acids was mainly restricted to oxoacids, such as HNO3 (nitric acid) and H2SO4 (sulphuric acid), which tend to contain central atoms in high oxidation states surrounded by oxygen, and since he was not aware of the true composition of the hydrohalic acids (HF, HCl, HBr, and HI), he defined acids in terms of their containing oxygen, which in fact he named from Greek words meaning “acid-former” (from the Greek οξυς (oxys) meaning “acid” or “sharp” and γεινομαι (geinomai) meaning “engender”). The Lavoisier definition was held as absolute truth for over 30 years, until the 1810 article and subsequent lectures by Sir Humphry Davy in which he proved the lack of oxygen in H2S, H2Te, and the hydrohalic acids. However, Davy failed to develop a new theory, concluding that “acidity does not depend upon any particular elementary substance, but upon peculiar arrangement of various substances”.[2] One notable modification of oxygen theory was provided by Berzelius, who stated that acids are oxides of nonmetals while bases are oxides of metals.
    Liebig’s hydrogen theory of acids

    This definition was proposed by Justus von Liebig circa 1838,[3] based on his extensive works on the chemical composition of organic acids. This finished the doctrinal shift from oxygen-based acids to hydrogen-based acids, started by Davy. According to Liebig, an acid is a hydrogen-containing substance in which the hydrogen could be replaced by a metal.[4] Liebig’s definition, while completely empirical, remained in use for almost 50 years until the adoption of the Arrhenius definition.[5]
    Common acid–base theories
    Arrhenius definition
    Svante Arrhenius

    The Arrhenius definition of acid–base reactions is a development of the hydrogen theory of acids, devised by Svante Arrhenius, which was used to provide a modern definition of acids and bases that followed from his work with Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald in establishing the presence of ions in aqueous solution in 1884, and led to Arrhenius receiving the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1903 for “recognition of the extraordinary services… rendered to the advancement of chemistry by his electrolytic theory of dissociation”.[6]

    As defined by Arrhenius, acid–base reactions are characterized by Arrhenius acids, which dissociate in aqueous solution to form hydrogen ions (H+),[6] and Arrhenius bases, which form hydroxide (OH−) ions. More recent IUPAC recommendations now suggest the newer term “hydronium”[7] be used in favor of the older accepted term “oxonium”[8] to illustrate reaction mechanisms such as those defined in the Brønsted–Lowry and solvent system definitions more clearly, with the Arrhenius definition serving as a simple general outline of acid–base character.[6] The Arrhenius definition can be summarised as “Arrhenius acids form hydrogen ions in aqueous solution with Arrhenius bases forming hydroxide ions.”

    The universal aqueous acid–base definition of the Arrhenius concept is described as the formation of water from a proton and hydroxide ions, or hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions from the dissociation of an acid and base in aqueous solution:

    H+ (aq) + OH− (aq) is in equilibrium with H2O

    (In modern times, the use of H+ is regarded as a shorthand for H3O+, since it is now known that the bare proton H+ does not exist as a free species in solution.)[9]

    This leads to the definition that in Arrhenius acid–base reactions, a salt and water are formed from the reaction between an acid and a base.[6] In other words, this is a neutralization reaction.

    acid + base → salt + water

    The positive ion from a base forms a salt with the negative ion from an acid. For example, two moles of sodium ion (Na+) from the base sodium hydroxide (NaOH) combine with one mole of sulfate ion (SO2−
    4) from sulfuric acid (H2SO4) to form one mole of sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) . Two moles of water are also formed.

    2 NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2 H2O

    The Arrhenius definitions of acidity and alkalinity are restricted to aqueous solutions, and refer to the concentration of the solvent ions. Under this definition, pure H2SO4 or HCl dissolved in toluene are not acidic, and molten KOH and solutions of sodium amide in liquid ammonia are not alkaline.

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    ɪ̣uɪ̣pnoɥ Says:
    July 26th, 2012 at 10:42 pm

    Sawizuina #4 han râpthlâkzia khi! 😀

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    14
    James Bond Says:
    July 26th, 2012 at 10:43 pm

    Wikipedia or scientific journal ami in paste anih loh vek chuan chemistry in thiam zeih zeih pian mai.

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    15
    sheldon Says:
    July 26th, 2012 at 10:53 pm

    Doc_lib leh Saint chu in va hre thui em em 😀

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    16
    saint sammoo Says:
    July 26th, 2012 at 10:56 pm

    ka komen hmasa copy/paste khi sap hovin Mimic an tiin ka hria..

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    saint sammoo Says:
    July 26th, 2012 at 11:07 pm

    tul lo hi ka tia…

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    18
    Charice_mizo Says:
    July 26th, 2012 at 11:09 pm

    doc_lib leh saint chu post tupa thu khel tam tak zingah acid leh base tehkhinna hmanga MNF leh Congress react lamin in rilru a luah deuh anih hmel..khilam pangah chauh khian in focus a, ngaihtuah tur chi hrang hrang a rawn sawi tam em khi mawle lolz 😀

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    Kawhterenga Says:
    July 26th, 2012 at 11:16 pm

    A va’n ṭha dap dap em! (Y) Pulpit tlang aṭanga aupui dawm dawm atan ka it lutuk (C) #4&12, a sei uchuak leh pek hle mai 😀 Note bu khatah ziah chhuah tham ve ve, hemite 2 hi an thlasik Mau puah leh phawng phawng ṭhin. 😀 Sawi tur chu an hria a hun leh hmunin zir phei se chuan 😉 A nung chunga kawm an chakawm hle mai.
    Acid+Base=Neutral
    MNF+Congress=…?…party 😛

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    20
    Kawhterenga Says:
    July 26th, 2012 at 11:21 pm

    I thu lak dan leh i ṭhlir dan hi ṭha ka ti hle mai. Mi rilru hmang nasa tak, kil tin aṭanga thil thlir thiam mi i nih dawn hi (C) A ṭha ka ti a, duh hun huna chhiar nawn leh atan ka save nghal bawk e (I)

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    21
    Kawhterenga Says:
    July 26th, 2012 at 11:29 pm

    4 leh 12 mawlh khi! 😀 ….heti chung hian Ignatia comment a la tel lo mah mah 😉
    Eng pawh nise a ṭha a ni i paragraph tin mai khi.
    #4 Thupui atan…..ARRHENIUS’ CONCEPT OF ACID AND BASE
    12# Thupui atan…ACID AND BASE CONCEPT
    Charice_mizo pawh hi mi huat thu sawi si lo hian khak ṭha thei fuk fuk khawp mai (H)

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    22
    century child Says:
    July 26th, 2012 at 11:32 pm

    Post tha leh ngaihnawm tak anih hi. (Y)
    Chaw 3 Ku Na (CH3COONa) 😀

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    23
    sheldon Says:
    July 26th, 2012 at 11:34 pm

    Lr-a chu i ziak tha hle tak tak mai. I uluk tih a hriat. Keini thu post ve, rilru a lang thut, type zawt zawt a submit ve leh thuai nen chuan a inang lo ngei mai. Good Post (Y)

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    24
    Sihtea Says:
    July 26th, 2012 at 11:45 pm

    Ir hlawnchhing, i in zirsanga, i in zirbo zomaiang kati, i ngaihdan thenkhat te hichu, atha viau’a a maherawhchu, Ngaihtuahna nei Mihring leh, Ngaihtuahna neilo bungrua hmanrua (material) formula inang khata, chawhchhuah itum tlatmaile, i timak deuh lomaw? Tin, Congress leh MNF hi in chhunfin (chawhpawlh)ta se, engtehual alo chhuakin kava’n ringlo, lemchanthiama te lemchanthiami tebak, alo chhuakin karing lullove, Tin, neutral ni nafamchu, engtinnge Party anih theihang? POLITICS tello POLITICS tih angvel, Pu, Sapdanga leh Pu, Manzuala ten anlo buaipuitawh angchi kha, i formula chawhchhuah chuan, a angteuhber awme, i rawnrawtna ang NEUTRAL PARTY ang emaw, POLITICS tello POLITICS tih angchi ahkhachuan, MIPUI in rinna leh beiseina an nghatngamlo aniang, an zuzi leh takmai danahhian, tun thlengin khawi ramahmah neutral Party in, Sawr karna ansiam awmreng kala hrerihlo, ni e kanram thatna tura, i ngaihtuahna losen nachang ihria e rawh hichu kalawm khawpmai, Thangthar mithiam tehian Politics ah luhnachang inhriat ahuntawh khawpmai.

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    25
    Charice_mizo Says:
    July 26th, 2012 at 11:46 pm

    Ccte….van reh em em :-S

    kawhtereng… bleh 😛

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    26
    april Says:
    July 27th, 2012 at 12:02 am

    Pathian in thihni a duan lawk chungchang hi Bible ah a awm em le? (ka hrelo tak tak) Chuti lo nise dawihzep vang a mahni nunna la ta te lak ni tur hi alo duang lawk em ni ang?

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    27
    century child Says:
    July 27th, 2012 at 12:13 am

    Charice ka duat, nia ka inla reh zuai mai mai :-S
    Ka ngai nileng che sin. 🙁

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    28
    Charice_mizo Says:
    July 27th, 2012 at 12:19 am

    van fel em em, keipawn ka lo ngai zankhua ang che aw (W)

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    29
    Kawhterenga Says:
    July 27th, 2012 at 12:22 am

    #25……….. (F)
    #26…A duang lawk lo a ni mai thei, kum 70/80 dam tur tih vel chu a awm a, hei pawh hi bawhchhiain an pel fur hlawm mai :-S

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    30
    Kawhterenga Says:
    July 27th, 2012 at 12:23 am

    #28.. (N)

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    31
    ɪ̣uɪ̣pnoɥ Says:
    July 27th, 2012 at 12:59 am

    (Y) ṭha hi ka tia…

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    funny™ Says:
    July 27th, 2012 at 4:46 am

    ka birthday ania in lak cute ka tum viau laiin inthlahrung takin kalo comment zuai ange in phal chuan. hehe

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    funny™ Says:
    July 27th, 2012 at 5:14 am

    ni e acid base reaction te hydrogen tihvel eng eng emaw in han sawi zau a, a tha khawpmaia kei pheichuan kan ngaihtuaha covalent bond an strong tih ka hriat reng na pawh hi lunghlu, diamond ka ngaihtuah vang nge ka awh vang. hehe. Chutiang vel mai mai bak chu ka hrelo a. Tin, he post hian science thil sawi zau hi a tum ber a nilova. Tih emah chuan Michel Foucault-a’n temporal leh spatial ngaih pawimawh tur a tih lai khan tuman Pu Einstein-a relativite space-time te an sawi vak vak hleinem. PAWIMAWH EM EM chu, lehkhabu emaw article emaw kan chhiar reng reng in, enge a sawi tum, enge a theme, eng information nge a ziaktu in convey a duh tih vel tehi kan ngaih pawimawh angai a. Hetiang thil hi ziaktu tha tak ina an ziah pawh hi catch lo tamtak an awmve thei bawka, ziaktu tha vaklo ina an ziah pawh mittui tla zawih zawih a chhiar an awm ve thei bawka. Ziaktu tha chuan a thu ziah atangin readers a grab tam thei tih ang vel ani. Hetiang teh nuai hi ania.

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    lr hlonchhing Says:
    July 27th, 2012 at 6:08 am

    @doc_lib and saint sammoo, in hriaa inthiam emaw, in copy paste emaw, ka post aiin in comment a sei zawk ta ve ang. Tul lo khel vak vak a tul lo, ka sawi tum man thiam lo khawpa thlirdan dang nei in nih chuan…

    Acid leh Base chungchangah chuan, hre tak tak entirnan Ignatia, Mama_B etc an tam ang(ka hriatchian chinah). Ka sawi tum zawk chu, post aia sei seia kawmen duah a ngai kher kher lo 😛

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    35
    lr hlonchhing Says:
    July 27th, 2012 at 6:10 am

    @funny comment khi, ka AMEN e. (Y)

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    36
    saint sammoo Says:
    July 27th, 2012 at 6:17 am

    ka komen chu in lo sawi zui viau ka ring a..
    Doc-te a thil tih khi a tul loka tih em avangin a elsen nan ka han paste ve mai mai a nih khi..
    a hnu ah pawh ka sawi thi khi..

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    37
    Awmtea Khiangte Says:
    July 27th, 2012 at 6:57 am

    A van tha kher em (Y)
    Post tha lutuk tak mai a nih hi (Y)

    Tuk chhuah nuam u le (C)

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    38
    century child Says:
    July 27th, 2012 at 7:48 am

    Tho hma hlawm ve, nge in bantlang zawk :-O
    Gud morning @ all
    Charice (K)

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    39
    Jacka Pi Says:
    July 27th, 2012 at 8:41 am

    Doc #4 leh saint #12 han overlai zia khi!

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    40
    lr hlonchhing Says:
    July 27th, 2012 at 9:24 am

    @saint sammoo, Doc_te kha a lo overlai em a nih kha 😛

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    41
    april Says:
    July 27th, 2012 at 9:47 am

    Ka zawhna khi min sawi zau saktu ka van duh em! Saihlum hrual nawk nawk, hahchhiau khum a nung mai kan nilo 😀 a tha hi katia…mahse a dawt leh chiah hi ka rilru a zawhna awm fo thin ani a. Kan pian ni hi chu a ruat lawk ngei anih ka ring a, mahse thihni erawh hi chu kan thih dan teh nuaih ah hian ruat lawk anih ka ring lo. Bible ah a in ziah leh ziah loh erawh ka hrelo

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    42
    lr hlonchhing Says:
    July 27th, 2012 at 9:54 am

    @april, nunna min petu leh min kawlthat sak leh theitu chu kan Pa vana mi chauh a ni tih i pawm a ngai. I nunna a tawpni chu (eng ang pawhin thi la), Pathianin a tawk tawh e a tihna a ni. A remruat a ni e.

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    43
    lrpa Says:
    July 27th, 2012 at 9:55 am

    @41..Pathian mi ruat bik/thlan bik te chu an awm ngei a, an nun leh dam ah Pathian a inrawlh mai thei. A bak te hi chu ‘ruat lawk’ anih ka ring hauh lo.

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    44
    doc_lib Says:
    July 27th, 2012 at 10:12 am

    Congress leh MNF in react ta se neutral party awhawm tak a chhuak angem tih chhanna a lawm maw le aw. Nih tawi fel takin Ans : Chhuak lo ang. Neutral party a awm theih loh. Tin, Congress leh MNF hi an in react sa reng..an tek chhek chhek reng reng hi. Press release, kawngzawh leh banner tar te anih hi an react chhuah 😀

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    45
    lr hlonchhing Says:
    July 27th, 2012 at 10:18 am

    Doc_te, wikepedia i lo hmang thiam hle mai a 😛

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    46
    doc_lib Says:
    July 27th, 2012 at 10:33 am

    Kha aia sei kha hei ka zawng chhuak leh tawh ania, keini detective tan hi chuan thil zawn chhuah chak hi a pawimawh riau zel a sin 😛

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    47
    lr hlonchhing Says:
    July 27th, 2012 at 10:36 am

    @Doc, Ka thil sawi tum i man thiam reng a, i haider lui tlat a. Detective thil hre thiam lo lutuk chu kan ruai duh dawn em ni? Hetiang a nih chuan, thu leh hla hminga ben lawlh tlak kan ni dawn asin… 😛

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    48
    doc_lib Says:
    July 27th, 2012 at 10:45 am

    I post a hot phah viau kha phun phun suh 😛 . Chemistry sawi takah chuan class 12 nih lai, kan sir in tui lutukin thlan tla hliamin ‘titration’ vel kha a sawi hliam hliam. Hnunglam bench a thu thianpa mark-a leh Dika te pahnih in porno an lo en, an nui dun kar kar mai a, kan sirin thinrim lutukin, ” Vat are you doing ?” ( alam rik dan ang, south Indian ho lamrik dan )An ni pahnih lahin, ” sir we are watching titration”… Khang hun te kha aw a liam ta vung vung chu ani sia. 🙂

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    49
    lr hlonchhing Says:
    July 27th, 2012 at 10:51 am

    Doc, post hot leh hot loh lam a ni lo. Hriatthiamna kha a hlu zawk…

    We are watching titration 😀

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    50
    Dr Mahminga Sailo Says:
    July 27th, 2012 at 11:12 am

    Post tha tak a ni. Thu ngaihnawm tak, ken tel nei tha bawk si a ni e… (Y)

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    51
    april Says:
    July 27th, 2012 at 11:37 am

    @lr hlonchhing nunna min petu leh min kawl that sak theitu chu Pathian ani tih ka pawm thlap e. Mahse min kawl that sak thei tu kut a kan kawl tir duh tlat si loh chuan, a duan lawk nilovin keimah nin kan enkawl that dan a zir in a tawp hma/a tawp har a remti ni chauh in ka hria. Hemi in a a huam loh mi bík an awm ang tih chu lrpa sawi ang khian ka ring e.

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    52
    lr hlonchhing Says:
    July 27th, 2012 at 12:02 pm

    @april, engkim Pathian remruatna hnuaia che leh awm lo i hria em ni? Tuna tanga darkar khat chhung lek pawh i awmdan tur i rel fel thei lo. A remruatna hnuaiah i awmin, i che mai mai a ni. A remruatah ngai hmiah la, a chhan dang zawngin i buai pawh a tul lovang. Bumtu bumna i tawk zawk a ni e.

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    53
    april Says:
    July 27th, 2012 at 2:00 pm

    Hmm..ka sawi tum ka sawi fiah tawk lo ani maw! A remruat chu ka ring a lawm, kan nun a thil thleng zawng zawng erawh a remruat lai a a ruat tel anih vek ka ring lo ka ti zawk ani. E.g Kapa in ka naupan lai in ka thanlen dan tur rem a ruat lawk a. School kalna tur te, college kalna tur te, zir zawh a hna tha tak ka thawh theihna tur in a tul ang apiang, tha leh zung, sum leh pai a seng a. Mahse tleirawl lai atang a zu in tan in, lehkha pawh zir chhunzawm theilo ta ila, a remruatna chu a puitling lo tihna alo ni ang. A thu awih te ah chauh Pathian remruat hi a ziktluak ka ring. Mahse kapa ang hian a remruat a lo bahlah pawh in, tih ngaihna hrelo in a en tawp ka tihna a ni chuang lo.

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    54
    Pangpuielhtliaka Says:
    July 27th, 2012 at 2:51 pm

    Hemline Index theory pawh an lo hmuhchhuah phah kha. Khawlum vang ringawt chu a ni lovang ka ring…
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemline_index

55. 
    55
    lr hlonchhing Says:
    July 27th, 2012 at 3:17 pm

    @april, engkim kan Pa vana mi remruat vek a ni e.

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    56
    april Says:
    July 27th, 2012 at 3:46 pm

    Ani ngawt loooo…

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    57
    Charice_mizo Says:
    July 27th, 2012 at 3:58 pm

    keimahnin kan tih ve theih leh kan hlawhchhuah ve theih hi tam tak a awm…tih hi ka ngaihdan a ni. Pathianin kum za dam tura a ruat pawh nise Pathian hawisana sualkawng a zawha, enitrnan zu leh drugs te a chen bur bur reng chuan rei a dam chuang lo vang. Tin, vai hnam chhia zinga nausen piang, mi hausa fa chu nise dam tur, an nu leh paten an retheih em vang emawa an tih hlum tak te pawh an tam em em. Hei tak hi alawm chhia leh tha hriatna Pathianin min pek nachhan, meizu ngailo na na na chu chuap cancer in a thi dawn ami, tualthat lo na na na chu thi tura a chung thu rel a ni ngawt dawn em ni etc Nangmah ngei pawh kha Pathianin a rawngbawla rei tak dam turin turin ala duh em em maithei che, mahse i rilru kal sual ta tlat se tunah khan choka chem hriam tak lain i thin hnunah han invit ta thawih mai la, i thi tho ang..kha daih kha asin!

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    58
    lr hlonchhing Says:
    July 27th, 2012 at 5:21 pm

    @Charice and April, i pianni pawh duang fel thlaptu hian, in thih hun a duan thlap in ring lo a maw? Siamtu remruatna hnuai lovah, a thilsiamte an awmin an che dawn lo em ni le?

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    59
    lr hlonchhing Says:
    July 27th, 2012 at 5:30 pm

    @charice and april, a tichiang turin, hei hi lo chhiar ta che u.
    Thuhriltu 3:1-10 thu te mai hi, Pathian thawk khum meuhva ziak hi inpawm emaw?

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    60
    Candelas Says:
    July 27th, 2012 at 9:26 pm

    Ka chhiar hman hunah sei tawkin ka rawn comment ve ang.Comment ka hmuh phak chin hi comment ve lawk.
    Meizu ngailo na na na Chuap Cancer a thi ka hre tawh.

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    61
    april Says:
    July 28th, 2012 at 10:56 am

    @lr hlonchhing…i chang ron tarlan khi ka hmuh veleh ka chhiar nghal a. ‘E alo nih hi’ ka tia, ka dang ta vang vang a zankhua khan mu ta lo chu ka ngaihtuah chhunzawm a, heihi ka thu tlukna ala ni rih e. Nang in Thuhriltu 3 : 1-10 i tan chhan a, kei in Bible pum deuh thaw hi ka tan chhan e Bible hian kan tih tur leh tur loh a ziak khat chuk mai a, lehkha thawn ho phei hi chu ringtute awm dan tur zirtirna ani ber a. I sawi ang a kan pian ni atang a kan thihni thleng kan awmdan zawng zawng hi ruat lawk nise chuan Bible kan neih hi a tul lovang a, biak in a kan in zirtir chamchi hi a sawt bawk hek lovang a, ama ruat lawk ang khan kan awm mawp mawp mai dawn a sin Thuhriltu sawi hi ruat lawk chung chang a sawina ni lovin, engkim aman a hun a tih ah ati mai thin tihna ani mai lo maw?

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