THE VERY BIG AND THE VERY SMALL
(Note : MSJ ah 2008 kumtir lamah a chhuak tawh)
A khuh hawnna:
He khawvel leh a piahlama kan hmuhtheih thil zawng zawngte hi thil te tak te te leh lian pui puiah a then phawk theih a. Eng anga lian pawh ni se chu thil chu a aia te zawk, te em em atom leh atom-te tisa peng ten an la siam ve leh chhawng a. Chutianga thil inchherchhuan chhoh dan chu he article-ah hian kan tarlang dawn a ni.
THE VERY BIG…!
Zanah khua a thiang vak a, vanlam i thlir chuan Thla leh Arsite i hmu thei ngei ang. Hengho hi thil lian pui pui kan tih zing ami-te an ni a. Hei mai hi ni lovin he khawvel ngei mai leh a pianpui unau 8 dangte (Pluto tiamin), asteroid te, comet te…hi thil lian pui pui kan tih hian a la huam thei vek dawn a ni. Tichuan chutia van lam i thlir vung vung lai chuan i ngaihtuahna a kal ding ta zel a; engtin nge chutiang thil lian pui pui, ropui rapthlak tak takte chu awmze nei taka a inher rem mup mup mai si le tih te hial i ngaihtuah thleng ta hlauh (hloh a ni lo…) mai a..Tunah zet zawng i fing leh ta sawt mai!
Chak lo chunga hnehtu ni si chu!
Chu i zawhna lungruk chhanna chu maw…kum 300 kaltaah khan Pu Newton-a pui roh khan a lo chhang daih tawh asin. He lei leh vana thil awm zawng zawngte hi hipna thahrui chikhat – Gravity an tih mai chuan a hip tawn vek a. Kawmchhakpa leh kawmthlangpa an dang chuang lova, eiru leh ru lo a thliar lova, eng thil emaw a nih a, mass a neih phawt chuan a hip vek mai a ni; a hming pawh Gravity a ni si a. Chu gravity chuan vana i thil hmuh zozaite khi a thunun vek a, arsi leh planet te, comet te, asteroid te…an nih dan tur leh an kawng zawh lai theuhva kal mup mup turin a thunun vek mai a ni. He gravity-in a hipna thahrui hi Gravitational Force an ti a, mi thiamten Force chi 4 an hmuhchhuah tawh zingah chuan a chak lo ber a ni nachungin he lai hmun atanga kawlkil tawp thlenga arsi leh planet-te thununtu ber a ni lawi si!
General Theory of Relativity (GTR)
Kum 1905-ah Einsteina’n Special theory of relativity (STR) a tichhuak tawh a. Chu theory chuan famkim lohna lian tak mai pakhat a la nei cheu va – Non accelerated frame-ah chauh a hman theih avangin. Chu a famkim lohna tak mai chu tifamkim tur chuan STR chu Accelerated frame-a hman theih tura modify a ngai ta a nih chu. STR a tihchhuah atanga kum 10 zet, 1915-ah GTR hi a siamchhuak ve leh ta hlawl mai a ni. Chu theory chuan tunhma zawnga eng hi kal ngil par par thin nia an ngaih kha a dik tawk lohna a rawn lailang ta hial a. Mass ngah deuh (arsi rit deuh) bula a lo kal hian eng hi a kal kul thin a ni tih pawh a rawn tichiang ta a. Chu mai a la ni lo, Blackhole meuh pawh kha he GTR equation solution 10 zinga pakhat a lo ni ve reng nia!
Einstein-a khan equation pawimawh lutuk mai a derive a, a equation hi tun thlengin van lam chanchin zirna atana a aia pawimaw la awm chuang lo a ni.(A technical deuh avangin ka rawn tarlang ta lo mai). Chu equation awmzia chu hetiang deuh hi a ni –
‘Space-time hi matter/mass a awm chauhvin a kul (curve) a, matter a awm loh erawh chuan kul lovin a pharh (flat) duai mai a ni; tin, chu a kul nasat zawng (space-time curvature) chu matter/mass a tam poh leh a nasa ve mai a ni’ tiin.
Tuna kan equation sawi lai hi van lam chanchin zirna atana a kailawn bul tanna leh a pawimawh lai ber, a tawp ni nghal bawk chu a ni. He equation hi Einstein Field Equation an ti. (Einstein-a khan he equation siam chhuak tur hian kum 10 zet a bei tih kha lo hria la).
Blackhole solution leh Light bending
E.F.E khan solution pawimawh tak tak mai 10 zet a nei kan tih tawh kha. Chung zinga 2 te chu an pawimawh fal hle. Pakhat chu Blackhole solution (non-rotating) a ni a, a dang chu thil sakhat lian pui pui e.g Arsi, galaxy…bula eng a lo kal a, a kal kawi nasat zawng entirna a ni.
Heti chin hi GTR atan chuan duh tawk phawt ang aw…hrechiang lehzual duh kan awm a nih chuan inthlahrung hauh lovin kan inzawtzui zel dawn nia.
Eng ang taka lian nge maw an lo nih chu le…?
Van lam thil te hi eng ang chiaha lian leh van (universe) hi eng tiang taka zau nge maw a nih i han thlir ho thuak thuak ang hmiang. Mihringte hi kan san zawng chawhrualin 5’7” vel chu kan ni ve mai thei. A chhut a awlsam zawk nan 2 meter kan hmang mai a niang chu. Hetianga kan chhut chuan khawvel diameter hi kan let maktaduai 6 zeta lian a ni ang. Khawvel chu lian i ti maw…? Kan piah lawka kan unaupa Jupiter hi kan lei aia a let 11 zeta lian a la ni a, Ni (sun) phei hi chu a lai hawlh tlangin kan lei let 110 zet a ni tawh. Nang aia a len nasat dan tur lo suang tuah ve la…
Betelgeuse hi Orion dara (shoulder) arsi eng sen phut mai khi a ni. Ni aiin a lai hawlhtlangin a let 600 – 900 vel zetin a lian zawk a nia. Arsi upa tawh, Hydrogen fuel hmang zova Helium hmanga kang mek Red Giant star an tih mai zing ami a ni nghe nghe. A chhungah hian awm ta ila, Ni hi a lairilah dah ila, Mars orbit aia thui fe kha kan inkhung khawm ruih mai dawn a nih chu!
Betelgeuse/Antares…an lian tak tak maw…?
Khing arsi lian pui pui te khi van sang hmun ruak huai mai – Universe-ah an awm tih kan hre theuh awm e. Khitiang taka lian leh ropui khian khaikhawmtu an la nei ve leh chhawng zel a. Galaxy zau lutuk maiah khan a chunga arsi kan hmuh takte aia lian zawk tam tak a la awm teuh tih hriat a tha awm e. Kan galaxy-ah ringawt pawh arsi tluklehdingawn100 chuang a awm nia ngaih a ni a, chutiang galaxy chu a dang tluklehdingawn tel tak meuh a la awm ngeia rin a ni bawk. Van boruak zauh dan tur chu kan suangtuah thiam ve tawh mai ang chu maw?
Thununtu lian
Universe-a thil awm zawng zawng- a lian hote reng reng hi chu Newton-a law lo siam chhuah tawhte khan a thunun vek a. Ni leh thla leh arsi leh planet-te chet vel dan tur pawh he law tho hian a thunun a ni. Hetianga Newton-a law hmanga thil chet vel dan zirna hi Newtonian Mechanic an ti. Hipna tha – Gravity chak tak awmna hmunah chuan Newton-a law te kha famkim zo lova, Albert Einstein-a theory – GTR hi hman a ngai ve leh thung thin. Gravity chu a chak vak lo a nih chuan GTR hi Newtonian mechanic-ah a chang leh mai thung.
Tu nge i nih?
Kum 3000 kaltaah khan Lal Davida khan zan khat chu van lam a thlir vung vung a, tihian a puak chhuak ta phawng mai a: ‘I van, I kutchhuak ni leh thla leh arsite ka hmuh chang hian engnge maw ka niha mi i hriat reng thin ni….’ tiin. A tidik chiah mai, van boruak zauzia te, arsi te lenzia leh ropuizia te…kan hriat phawt chuan keini mihringte hi engmah lo mai kan lo nihzia te kan inhre chhuak ngei ang. Chutih hunah chuan Kumara te Tax pek tling khawm Mizoramin budget atana kan lo chan ve chhun lo puanpuihnuai ruk ve khanglan te chu a zahthlak tih nachang kan hre ve ngei ang!
THE VERY SMALL
A chunga kan tarlan tak zawng zawngte khi thil te em em mai – atom leh atomic particle ten an la siam ve leh chhawng a. Ni taksa peng khawi lai mai pawh hi atom leh atomic particle ten an siam vek a ni. Atom chu ka hriat angin electron leh nucleus ten an siam a. Nucleus chu proton leh neutron ten an siam ve lehchhawng a ni. Heng particle te tak te te ho hi chu Newtonian mechanics/ GTR ni lovin Quantum mechanincs-in a thunun tlat a, hipna thahrui – Gravity khan awmzia a nei tam lo hle.
Quarks…
Atom pawh a tet tawh tehreng nen electron leh nucleus ten an siam ve lehchhawng tih kan hria a. Chu nucleus chu proton leh neutron ten an la siam ve lehchhawng a ni. Proton/neutron te hi an te laileng khawp a, a lai hawlhtlangin 10-14 m (i.e 10-11 mm) vel chauhva lian an ni. He tehfung hi kan hriatthiam theih nan tihian i han sawi teh ang: Scale la la, kha scale-a 1mm kha hmun tluklehdingawn khatah then sawm la, chung hmun tluklehdingawna i then sawm zinga then khat chu hmun zaah then nawn leh la, chutiang tiat vela te chu a ni ang. Chutiang proton te em em mai pawh chu an han zir chian tak tak meuh chuan thil dang an aia te lehzualin an lo la siam cheu a ni tih an hmuchhuak leh ta zel a. Chutiang particle te chu Quark an ti.
Proton hi Quark 3 (up, up, down) leh neutron hi quark 3 (up, down, down) ten an siam a ni. Heta up down…tia Quark nihna sawina dan hi Flavour an ti. Quark hian Flavour 6 (anti-particle nen 12) a nei a, chungte chu : Up, Down, Charm, Strange, Top, Bottom. Flavour hi Quark te tana Quantum number chikhat a ni.
Pauli’s Exclusion Principle…oops!
Quark te kha Quantum particle (particle te tak te te) an nih miau avangin Quantum mechanics dan an zawm ve a ngai tlat a. A chunga proton leh neutron structure kan en chuan proton chuan up Quark 2 a nei tih kan hmu a, neutron-in down Quark 2. Pauli’s exclusion principle danin quantum particle 2 te nihphung inang neiin an awmdun thei si lo. Mahse Proton kha Up Quark 2 in an siam a ni tih an hre si, neutron pawh down Quark 2 in, i.e. Quark chuan Exclusion principle kha a zawm lo a va ni mai awm ve…
Here comes the saviour – Colour
Kum 1964 a lo thleng a, Scientist 3 Greenberg, Han, Nambu te chuan a chunga harsatna khi lakiang turin Quantum number thar an rawn siam chhuak ve leh ta a, a hmingah colour an vuah a. Colour tih a nih avang hian ni tin nuna rawng kan hman thin nen ngaihfin loh tawp tur a ni, inlaichinna an nei lo. Colour chi 3 (chi 6 an anti-colour theuh nen) a awm a – Red, Blue, Green (Primary colour angin) Sawi tawh angin Quark te kha a sen, pawl, hring tihna a ni lo. Sawi dan pakhatah chuan Red, Blue, Green kher kher an hman nachhan hi chu Primary colour a nih bakah khatih hun lai khan Physicist-te khan Greek hming phuah reng mai kha an ning ve tawh a ni awm e.
Eng tin maw?
Colour chuan engtin chiah nge Exclusion principle chu a rawn tawmpui ve tak? Proton-a Up Quark 2 te khan Up ni ve ve reng chung khan colour inang lo an nei a, (chutiangin neutron-ah pawh down quark ten) Exclusion principle dan angin particle chikhat, nihphung – state inang lo an lo ni ta a ni:
Proton = URUBDG, URUGDB, UBURDG, UBUGDR, UGUBDR, UGURDB
Tichuan proton tan chuan uud quark nei turin combination chi 6 a awm a, heng zinga a khawi emaw ber hi a ni thei a ni. Neutron tan pawh combination 6 tho a chung ami ang chiahin a awm. A chunga combination-ah hian a khawi quark (flavour) ber hi nge R, B, G ni tur a sawi lawk theih lova chuvangin uud chu a khawi ber emaw hi a ni e kan ti thei chauh a ni.
The Stable nucleus
Nucleus chhungah khan proton leh neutron te an awm a nih kha. Neutron hian charge a neih ve loh avangin repulsive/attractive force emaw a siam chhuak ve lova. Proton erawh chu positive charge a nih avangin a bula proton dangte nen khan an inpaih reng thung. Chuti chu Nucleus kha kehdarh rup mai awm tak a nih tak chu. Mahse kan hriat angin nucleus chu a keh darh mai mai lova, nghet takin atom lairilah khan a thu mup mai si…
‘Here I am’ – Meson
Chutia nucleus kehdarh mai tur lo veng tlattu, p-p repulsive force aia chak zawk force chi thar nucleus chhungah chuan a awm a ni tih chu tu pa hrilh mah kan ngai ta lo. Chu force chu Strong nuclear force an ti. Chutia proton te keh darh tur lo vengtu chu Meson te an ni. Meson hi chi 3 a awm a, A hmaa kan sawi tak quark te kha 2 zel an nei ve thung. p-p, p-n, n-n inkarah meson chi 3 te hi an kual tawn reng a, chu chuan nucleus keh darh mai tur kha a lo veng thin a ni. Entir nan: Nucleus chhunga Proton pakhat khan meson 1 a pechhuak a, chu chu proton dangin a lo dawng a; tin, a pe chhuaktu proton pawh khan proton dang atangin meson a dawng ve leh zel a…chutiang chuan meson hi an inpe kual tawn a, nucleus keh darh mai tur kha an lo veng him thin a lo ni!
Gluons – Glue force
Meson te chu quark 2 zelin an siam a, Proton/neutron te erawh chu 3 zelin. Chung Quark te chu particle chikhat Gluon an tih mai te chuan a thlun zawm tlat a (chu an thlun zawmna thahrui chu Glue force an ti), chuvangin Quark te hi eng lai mahin a malin an detect theih loh, an detect a nih pawhin a anti-quark nen inzawm tlatin an detect thin. Helaia Glue force hi Spring force ang mai a ni a; Quark 2 te kha i pawh fan thui poh leh Glue force kha a na ve zel a. I pawhna tha kha a na lutuk a, glue force khan a dawl lo a nih chuan quark te kha i pawt then anga, a malin kan nei thei dawn niawm tak a nih laiin a ni leh hauh si lo! Chutianga i pawh then veleh chuan i pawhna thahrui kha anti-quark siamna tham a lo ni der tawh mai a, chu thahrui chu E = mc2 danin mass-ah a inlet a, anti-quark a insiam ang a, quark-antiquark pair bawk kan nei leh ang.
Te lehzual – The String
Heng proton/neutron, quark, gluon…etc te aia la te leh cheu, thil engkim insiamna bul – fundamental particle a awm thei ang em? Scientist-te chuan a awmin an ring tlat a, a hmingah pawh String an ti a, chutiang lam zirna chu String theory an ti. Chutiang String chu a te khawp a, a len zawng pawh 10-35 m vel chauh a ni. String hi chi 2 a awm a – A inkual (loop an ti) leh a tlawn (open an ti). String hi a fawn thei a (guitar perh zawnga a hrui a fawn ang chiah hian), mi thiamte chuan a chunga particle kan sawi tak zawng zawngte khi chutia string fawn vel atanga a note milpui lo chhuak niin an ngai (Guitar-a key hrang hrang ang mai hian).
Ka duh tawk phawt ang e.
Tam tak tan chuan Pulpit tlanga chhang khawro theihnghilh aia khawro zawkte Pathian thuchah ‘nung tak’ ngaihthlak ang maia ninawm a ni ta ve ang!!
In la chhiar peih dawn chuan Blackhole chungchang leh science fiction film vela kan hmuh fo worm hole chungchang te pawh mawltein rawn sawi leh kan tum dawn nia.
